Chandler DNA Project

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Note: paragraphs highlighted in yellow are new or recently updated. Paragraphs highlighted in gray were new or updated in the previous release.

Goals

This is an all-volunteer project that seeks to identify any and all lines of Chandlers worldwide and the relationships among them, using DNA testing and any other tools at our disposal. Since the Chandler surname for the most part is occupational in origin, we presume there are many independent lines, but we are nonetheless hoping to find genetic links where none were previously known. The most obvious type of connection that we hope to find is the link between a family in England and its colonial offshoots, either in America or in other former British colonies. Nonetheless, we have already found some unexpected connections, and there may be more.
We now have DNA project participants -- and matches confirming kinship -- across three continents. In the US, our participants live in 36 different states (AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, GA, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WI, WV). We have at least one "Earliest Known Ancestor" in each of the following English counties: Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Leicestershire, Middlesex, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, and Wiltshire. In many cases, there are likely to be several genetically distinct Chandler lines within the same English county, and so we continue to need a considerable number of additional participants who can trace their ancestry back at least a few generations in England. We also seek participants whose ancestry lies in France, since at least one of the Chandler lines is believed to have come from Normandy in the 13th Century. While these are our priorities, we continue to welcome participation by any Chandler family, anywhere.

The project is supported by the participation of the Chandler Family Association (CFA), the Edmund Chandler Family Association (ECFA), and the global Chandler One-Name Study.
 

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Early Chandler Immigrants

Note: Source references for statements made herein are available from one or more of the Chandler DNA Project administrators.

John Chandler of Jamestown, Virginia

The earliest known Chandler to settle in the New World was immigrant JOHN CHANDLER who landed at Jamestown on Sunday, June 10, 1610. He had traveled among about 30 settlers aboard the "Hercules," smallest of three ships in the expedition led by Sir Thomas West of Hampshire, Lord Delaware.

Fragmentary land records in Elizabeth City County (now City of Hampton) make it virtually certain John's older son and heir was JOHN II, but this male line ended with JOHN IV in 1728.

Living descendants of ROBERT, believed on good circumstantial evidence to be a younger son of immigrant John, number in the thousands in the United States, perhaps a majority of them still residing in the South and near Southwest. We hope to identify and connect descendants of Robert to each other and to any other related lines in either hemisphere.

Immigrant John may have had a brother named NICHOLAS who remained in England or settled in the West Indies. A search for him and possible descendants is in progress, as is a search for evidence of immigrant John's English home.

See Group 7 below.

Edmund Chandler of Duxbury, Massachusetts

EDMUND CHANDLER settled in Duxbury by 1633 and died there in 1662. He had gone with the "Pilgrim" Separatists to Leiden and probably arrived in the Plymouth Colony around 1630. His origins are unknown. There are many descendants living today, and we hope to connect them in this project.

Roger Chandler of Duxbury and/or Concord, Massachusetts

ROGER CHANDLER was another early settler in Duxbury with a history similar to Edmund's. Although Roger had a family, it is not known whether his male line survived. Nonetheless, there was also a ROGER CHANDLER who appeared in Concord, Massachusetts, by about 1670, and many of his descendants believe this second Roger was the son of the first. Since the first Roger is thought to be related to Edmund, it is possible that DNA testing will show a match between the descendants of Edmund and those of the second Roger. Such a match would not prove the two Rogers to be father and son, but would lend support to that notion.

William Chandler of Roxbury, Massachusetts

WILLIAM and ANNIS CHANDLER settled in Roxbury in 1637. William died in 1641, but left a numerous progeny who soon dispersed to other parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut. This family came from the town of Bishops Stortford in Hertfordshire, where Chandlers have been traced back to 1521. We have already connected descendants of two and tentatively of the third of William's three surviving sons and hope to connect other Chandlers of Hertfordshire.

See Group 9 below.

William Chandler of Newbury, Massachusetts

WILLIAM CHANDLER settled in Newbury by about 1650 and lived there five decades. He was born c1617 (as calculated from his age at death), but his place of origin is not known. By three different wives, all named Mary, he had many children, including three sons. However, his line seems to be less prolific than other New England Chandlers. Even so, we hope to identify and connect his descendants in this project.

John Chandler of Accomack County, Virginia

This JOHN CHANDLER surfaces in 1683. He and his wife MARGARET were paid for being witnesses in a court case on August 6, 1690. One or both appear in numerous Accomack records until John's death between January 23 (will date) and March 4, 1728/9 (probate date). The will did not mention his wife, but named children HATHAN FETTAPLACE, SOLOMON, BRIDGETT, and ABIGAIL and son-in-law William Phillips. John was probably born about 1648.

An apparent son, JOHN, predeceased his father in 1728, leaving a short will dated June 1 and probated September 3, 1728, leaving his entire estate to his wife "until this crop is finished," then 1/3 to wife and remainder to be "divided among my children," none named. Joanna Chandler presented the will and was named executrix, so she was almost certainly the widow.

Chandlers of Pennsylvania and Delaware

GEORGE CHANDLER emigrated from Wiltshire in 1686, but died on the voyage. His widow JANE and seven or eight children settled in the part of Pennsylvania that later became Delaware. He was one of the Chandlers of Wilcot parish in Wiltshire, who have been traced back to 1524. We have found through DNA testing that John Chandler of Jamestown is related to this family, as well as to other Chandlers of Hampshire, and we hope to find the common origin of these Chandlers.

See Group 7 below.

John Chandler of Charles County, Maryland

This JOHN CHANDLER first appears c1710 at/near Port Tobacco, where he acquired several tracts of land in the next 20 years. JOB CHANDLER (1623-1660) had patented about 1200 acres in and around Port Tobacco 1651-1660, but he could not be the ancestor of this John. Richard, one of Job's two sons, died without issue. Job's other son William had only two sons (Richard and William), both of whom died unmarried and without issue. John was probably born by 1685 and died between January 17 (will date) and 19 (probate date), 1735, leaving his widow ANN, daughter of William Penn (not the Pennsylvania Quaker) and children JOHN, WILLIAM, STEPHEN, ANN, MARY, and SARAH.

Rev. Isaac Chanler of Ashely River, South Carolina

REV. ISAAC CHANLER is said by some to have been born at Bristol, England, in 1700, while others (including a family biographer) suggest a somewhat earlier birth date at an unknown place. He was a minister on Ashely River near Charleston, SC, from about 1733 until his death in 1749. He left a long and interesting will dated May 20, 1749. His son ISAAC took his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh before returning home, where he was among the founders of what became the Medical University of South Carolina. The surname of this line is consistently spelled "CHANLER" in recent times, but consistent spelling is not to be expected before the 19th century. We have already included one descendant in the project and hope to include at least one more to pin down the ancestral DNA pattern.
 

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How The Project Works

For an introduction to the field of DNA-assisted genealogy, visit Chris Pomery's DNA web page or look through a brief glossary of genetics terms. In case you want just the shortest possible description, here it is: the DNA test measures the lengths of certain specific sequences on the Y chromosome. By comparing these lengths for different test subjects, we can deduce approximately how closely the testees are related.

Note: the Y chromosome occurs only in males and is passed down more-or-less unchanged from father to son, and so this testing follows only male lineages. It is the simplicity of this inheritance mechanism that makes Y DNA directly useful for genealogy, unlike all the other chromosomes, which are shuffled and recombined from one generation to the next. Moreover, the Y DNA can track a lineage through name changes, adoptions, illegitimacy, and eras of poor record-keeping.

Further note: these particular DNA sequences are not found within genes and have no known genetic function. Thus, the test is not designed to reveal physical characteristics or innate tendencies. The reason it works for genealogical purposes is that the observed changes in sequence length are neither harmful nor helpful; they simply happen now and then, and they persist because the body doesn't notice the difference. These persistent-yet-changeable variations are the markers that allow us to tell families apart.
We have arranged with Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) to offer a reduced, group rate of $124 (plus shipping) per 25-locus DNA test to members of our project. Similar discounts apply to the 12-, 37-, and 67-locus tests. The test kit is very simple and comes in the mail with complete instructions: basically, it contains two or three little swabs to be rubbed on the inside of the mouth to collect some loose cells. The swabs are then popped into containers and mailed back to the lab. The kit comes with an optional release form that requests FTDNA to give your email address to any present or future FTDNA testee who matches you closely on the DNA test. If you decide not to sign the release form, or forget to send it in, your privacy will be protected, and FTDNA will not notify you or anyone else about matches with your DNA. There is also a space on the form for the country of origin of your earliest known male-line ancestor -- this item is optional and has no immediate bearing on our project because we are comparing individuals, rather than countries.
Regardless of whether you sign the release or not, we preserve your confidentiality on this web site. Neither names nor addresses of the participants are posted here -- only the arbitrary kit numbers are posted with the raw DNA data. For those who wish to make genealogical contacts through this project, we also provide a table of earliest known male-line ancestors. Readers with questions about these ancestors, or who wish to send messages to participants, may submit the questions or comments to the project administrators.
Note: We freely accept participants who test with labs other than FTDNA, but comparison and analysis is easiest for those tested at the same lab under the same conditions and on the same markers. We therefore urge prospective participants to consider FTDNA first if they have not already had their Y DNA tested.

 

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Searching for Matches

Some of the test results in our tables came from outside the project. The first of these is 11143, a Chandler who tested privately with FTDNA about a year before the project began. Although he did not join the project in the beginning, he had uploaded his results to an on-line database, and we included them here from that source, but we had only some sketchy information about his ancestry indicating he belonged in Group 9. Since then, he has joined the project and confirmed his lineage. His results can still also be seen in his record in the YSEARCH database. YSEARCH provides for searching by surname in addition to searching for matching haplotypes. (As of November 2008, there were 93 Chandlers listed in YSEARCH). We urge members of our project to upload their results to YSEARCH, particularly those who do not yet have a match within the project.
Another on-line database has been provided by the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF). Each sample in the database is accompanied by a pedigree of at least four generations, though names and dates of post-1900 persons are blanked out in these pedigrees. The surname of the test subject is displayed on the search results page, along with an indicator for each marker whether the search value matches the test subject. The lookup procedure is rather tedious, but we have an index of direct links to the search results for all haplotypes in our project, including the necessary translations of markers that are counted differently by different testing labs. As of 2006, there were three Chandlers in this database, two of them direct participants in this project (21174 and 30251) and one not (sm11). For the former, all markers that were tested by both FTDNA and SMGF have the same results from both organizations after applying the translations. In 2008, five more Chandlers and one Chandley appeared in the database. Three of the new Chandlers form a family group of a father and two sons. Two others fell into existing groups in the project.

 
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Information

For more information, write to our administrators.
Group Administrator: Joseph (Joe) Chandler joechandler@yahoo.com
Co-Administrators: john.chandler at alum.mit.edu, GlennChandler at austin.rr.com, Docabye at aol.com, ducks777 at hotmail.com, dchandler at sunwave.net
 

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Chandler DNA Fund

FTDNA has established a fund to be used within our project to help defray the costs of DNA testing. The intent of this fund is to secure the participation of potential testees who seem likely to contribute to the success of the project as a whole and who otherwise could not (or would not) join. However, the amount of money in the fund is quite small. If you would like to make a donation, please visit the contribution web page. Note that donations can be made either on line (by credit card or PayPal) or by mail. It is important to specify the Chandler project in the appropriate place on the form, so that the donation is properly credited. In the on-line form, this place is a box labeled "Item" near the top. In the same box, you may specify how the donation is to be used and/or that it is a memorial.

Some examples:

If your restriction is more complicated, it would be helpful to send an email to the project administrator, spelling out the details.

http://www.familytreedna.com/contribution.html

Thank you for your help.
 

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Project News


 
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Results

The following are the DNA test results we have obtained so far. Most of these are from FTDNA, but we welcome results from any lab. We show the loci here in the same order as FTDNA reports. Comparison of these results is complicated by the fact that we have a mix of 12-, 25-, 37-, and 67-locus tests, but we have identified many groups with reasonable certainty. Some testees do not match anyone else in the project (yet) and have been placed in the "Other" group. Each group is shown in Table 1 with the name of the most recent common ancestor (if known or presumed). Clicking on the group number will navigate to a collection of notes about the group or about specific members in it. Group members who match the DNA but have different or not-yet-connected lineages are marked with an asterisk. For these, and for those in the "Other" group, the earliest conventionally confirmed male-line ancestor is shown in Table 4. Clicking on the asterisk will navigate directly to the Table 4 entry.
Members who have tested at FTDNA are identified here by their kit numbers. (Kit numbers prefixed with "N" are from the Genographic Project.) Test subjects from other labs or who have not directly joined our project are represented by their YSEARCH identifiers (a sequence of five letters and/or digits) or by an arbitrary code for SMGF participants ("sm" followed by two digits).

The results here are divided into three batches. Table 1 shows the first 25 loci tested by FTDNA. Table 2 shows more loci from FTDNA, as well as from Relative Genetics or SMGF. Table 3 shows still more loci from FTDNA. The same color coding by group applies to all three tables.

Within each group, the results that do not agree with the group consensus, if any, are colored gray. If there is no clear consensus, then the entire column is colored gray.


 
Table 1. Chandler Haplotypes (basic loci).
(click on an arrow at the end of a row to see the continuation in Table 2)
Note: this table reflects the 2003 change in nomenclature at FTDNA for DYS464.
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 1 (? John Chandler of Jefferies Creek, SC, 1739)
21226 12 24 16 10 11 19 11 15 12 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 28 16 19 28 13 15 15 17 >
21814 12 24 16 10 10 19 11 15 12 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 28 16 19 29 13 15 15 17 >
26898 12 24 16 10 10 19 11 15 12 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 28 16 19 28 13 15 15 15
28912 12 24 16 10 10 19 11 15 12 12 11 28
30780 12 24 16 10 10 19 11 15 12 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 27 16 19 29 13 15 15 17 >
43470 12 24 16 10 11 19 11 15 12 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 28 16 19 28 13 15 15 17 >
Group 2 (Henry Chandler of Johnson Co, KY, 1815-1875)
24531 13 22 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 16 17 18 >
24813 13 23 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 16 17 18 >
39519 13 23 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 16 17 18 >
39520 * 13 23 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 16 17 18 >
86464 * 13 23 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 16 17 18 >
Group 3
24740 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28
27320 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28 16 9 9 11 12 26 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
31120 * 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28 16 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
31428 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28 16 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 29 15 15 17 17
43134 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28 16 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
N23381 13 24 14 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 28 16 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 29 14 15 17 17 >
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 4 (Thomas Chandler of Amelia Co, VA, d. c1795)
25810 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 28 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 16 16 17 17 >
26628 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 28 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 16 16 17 17 >
29111 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 28 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 16 16 17 17 >
97545 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 28 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 16 16 17 17 >
101867 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 28 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 16 16 17 17 >
Group 5 (Samuel Chandler of Lynches River, SC, d. 1786)
21174 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 18 >
22966 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 18
25035 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30
25693 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 18
25699 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 18
30060 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30
33931 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30
110907 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 18 >
Group 6 (Elias Chandler, 1826-1890, Lynches River, SC)
22479 13 23 15 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29
26835 13 23 15 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 7
7A (Robert Chandler, 1659-1720, ? grandson of 1610 immigrant John)
21364 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
22494 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
24346 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
24967 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
24968 15 23 14 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 31
25781 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
25797 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 12 13 12 31
26443 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
26949 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
27183 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
27574 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
28053 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
30466 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 12 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 24 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
30734 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
30744 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 15 15 >
30859 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
30943 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
31074 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
31157 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
31431 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
31480 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
32471 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
32771 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
32805 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
33205 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 33 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
33491 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
40185 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 24 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
40437 * 15 23 14 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
40471 * 14 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 16 >
41099 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 9 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
41740 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 15 15 >
43128 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
43136 15 23 14 10 14 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
43379 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
44231 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
45236 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
46658 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
48607 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
49221 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
55830 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
57244 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
59466 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
59801 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
61525 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
67037 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
68643 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
73979 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
74001 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 27 11 14 15 15 >
74575 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
75538 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
76516 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
78046 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
78264 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
79064 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 24 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
79327 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
83967 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 27 11 14 15 15 >
85402 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
86129 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
86736 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 9 11 11 25 14 20 27 11 14 15 15 >
88250 * 15 23 14 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 30 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
95931 * 16 23 14 10 15 16 11 13 11 14 12 32 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
101412 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 32 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
105468 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 32 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
107463 * 14 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
109219 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 16 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
118468 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15
119959 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
127913 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
133230 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
133521 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
N11923 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31
a3mn5 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 32 15 11 11 25 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
pyrwq * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
sb8m5 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 11 11 25 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
u9at6 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 11 11 25 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
vfn33 * 15 23 14 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 11 11 25 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
7B (Thomas Chandler, 1570-1629, ? grandfather of 1687 immigrant George)
35934 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
43141 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
55597 15 23 14 10 14 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
100477 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 16 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
114019 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 14 15 16 16 >
N59539 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
N64108 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
sm32 15 23 14 10 14 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 28 11 14 15 15 >
7C (other, genetically closer to 7B than 7A - see Table 2)
24262 * 15 23 14 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 15 15 >
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 8 (Robert Chandler, b. c1775 NC/VA, d. c1849 Carroll Co, VA)
24275 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 16 >
26107 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
58353 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
102124 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
110136 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
Group 9 (William Chandler of Hertfordshire and Roxbury, MA)
11143 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18 >
29431 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18 >
30251 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18 >
84057 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 17 >
112322 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 15 15 17 18 >
120272 13 25 14 11 11 15 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18
141282 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 17 >
143215 13 25 14 11 11 15 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18 >
N64980 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 18 >
Group 10 (Thomas Chandler of Basingstoke, ENG, 1728-1782)
27369 11 23 15 10 11 17 11 12 12 14 14 31
34514 11 23 15 10 11 17 11 12 12 14 14 31
74132 11 23 15 10 11 17 11 12 12 15 14 32
Group 11 (Thompson Chandler of Monroe Co, (W)VA, 1811-1877)
24372 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 14 19 28 15 16 17 18 >
41505 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 14 19 28 15 15 16 17
43640 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 14 19 28 15 16 17 18
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 12 (Edward Chandler/Chantler of Lewes, Sussex, c1790-c1835)
35826 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 15 17 >
43135 * 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 15 17 >
49503 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 15 17 >
81081 * 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 15 17 >
Group 13 (Philip Chandler of Plymouth Co, MA, 1702-1764)
44534 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 13 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
60429 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 13 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
69609 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 13 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
81526 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 13 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
140685 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 13 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
Group 14 (Datus W. Chandler 1890-1968)
57749 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
62667 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
68779 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 7 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 >
Group 15 (James E. Chandler, b. c1814 SC, d. >1880 LA)
43131 15 22 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 14 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 16 >
43132 15 22 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 14 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 26 14 20 28 11 14 14 16 >
56911 15 22 16 10 15 15 11 13 11 14 12 31 15 8 10 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 16 >
Group 16 (Jacob Chandler of Newberry Co, SC, 1725-1800)
114475 13 22 14 11 14 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 14 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 31 12 14 15 16 >
123269 13 22 14 11 14 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 14 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 31 12 14 15 16 >
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d
ID
Group 17 (William Chandler, b. 1772, Cambs, ENG)
122893 13 26 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 32 14 15 17 17 >
4eywu 13 26 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 32 14 15 17 17 >
sm11 13 26 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 32 14 15 17 17 >
sm47 26 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 30 24 15 19 14 15 17 17 >
Group 18
51954 * 14 23 16 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 15 8 10 11 11 26 15 20 25 11 13 14 15 >
59605 * 14 23 17 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 15 8 10 11 11 26 15 20 26 11 13 14 15 >
64874 * 14 23 16 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 15 8 10 11 11 26 15 20 27 11 14 14 15 >
123488 * 14 23 17 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 15 8 10 11 11 26 15 20 26 11 13 14 15 >
141797 * 14 23 16 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 16 8 10 10 11 26 15 20 26 11 13 14 15 >
mwbup * 14 23 16 10 15 16 11 13 11 13 12 29 15 8 10 11 11 26 15 20 26 11 13 14 15 >
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d		 4
6
4
e		 4
6
4
f
ID
Others not in any of the above groups
46918 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 14 13 31 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 15 19
91815 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 14 13 31 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 15 19
47909 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 12 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
102441 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 13 13 13 29 18 9 9 11 12 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
25311 * 13 23 14 11 12 15 12 12 11 13 14 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 31 14 15 17 17 18 >
39917 * 13 24 14 11 11 15 12 12 12 13 14 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 31 15 15 15 17 >
55674 * 13 24 14 11 11 15 12 12 11 13 14 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 31 14 15 17 18 >
86782 13 24 14 10 11 15 12 12 12 13 14 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 31 15 15 17 18 >
107358 * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 29 15 16 17 17 >
119111 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 29 15 16 17 17 >
114543 * 13 23 14 10 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 28 18 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 30 15 15 16 18 >
120828 * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 28 18 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 30 15 15 16 18 >
139912 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 28
wscux * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 28 18 9 9 11 11 26 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
30621 * 13 23 14 10 13 15 11 14 11 12 11 27 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 14 16 >
122923 * 13 23 14 10 13 15 11 14 11 12 11 27 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 14 16 >
sm33 * 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 9 10 12 25 15 19 15 15 15 17 >
sm34 * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 19 9 10 11 12 25 15 19 28 15 15 15 17 >
sm48 * 23 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 19 >
107780 * 13 25 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 29 15 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
8vc3z 13 25 14 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 29 15 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 15 16 17 >
24314 * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 14 16 13 13 29 15 9 10 11 11 26 15 18 29 15 15 16 17 >
30806 13 24 14 10 16 17 11 12 13 13 11 31
32709 * 13 22 15 10 13 16 11 12 13 12 11 29 17 9 9 11 12 27 16 19 29 13 13 15 15
38067 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 14 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 15 17
47186 14 23 15 10 11 14 12 12 11 13 14 29 17 9 10 11 12 25 15 17 30 15 15 16 17 >
48857 * 13 23 14 11 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 24 16 19 27 14 15 17 18
54480 12 23 14 10 13 18 11 15 11 13 11 30 17 8 9 11 11 25 14 20 29 12 13 14 15 16 16
55253 * 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 14 19 31 15 16 17 18 >
59460 * 15 23 16 10 14 15 11 13 10 12 12 29 16 8 9 11 11 25 14 20 30 12 12 15 17 >
61352 * 13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
82217 13 24 14 10 12 15 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 16 16 17 >
89929 13 23 15 10 12 15 11 15 12 14 11 30 18 8 9 11 11 26 14 18 29 11 14 15 15 >
90032 * 15 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 14 12 31 15 8 9 11 11 25 14 20 27 11 14 14 15 >
102376 * 13 24 17 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 16 16 17 >
104438 13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 14 14 15 15 >
104635 13 23 14 10 14 15 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 16 >
110696 * 13 24 14 12 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 20 28 15 15 16 17 >
112540 * 12 23 15 10 13 16 11 15 12 13 11 30 14 8 9 11 11 26 14 20 32 11 13 15 16 16 >
120825 * 13 22 14 10 13 13 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 22 17 20 26 12 14 15 15 >
131053 * 13 25 14 11 11 13 12 12 12 13 14 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 16 16 17 >
131482 * 13 22 14 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 20 27 12 14 15 15 >
134086 13 24 14 11 12 14 12 12 11 14 13 30 17 9 9 11 11 24 15 19 30 14 15 17 17 >
N26211 13 23 14 10 14 14 11 14 10 12 11 29
sm49 * 13 25 14 10 11 14 12 12 11 14 14 31 17 11 25 15 19 31 15 15 16 17 >
h46mu * 13 23 14 10 11 14 12 12 11 13 13 28 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 15 17 >
5mggf * 13 23 14 11 11 15 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 14 19 28 15 15 16 17 >
k4u7z * 13 25 16 11 13 15 11 13 11 12 11 28 18 10 12 25 19 29 14 14 15 16 >
DYS
Locus: 		3
9
3		 3
9
0
1
9		 3
9
1		 3
8
5
a		 3
8
5
b		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 3
8
9
i		 3
9
2		 3
8
9
ii		 4
5
8		 4
5
9
a		 4
5
9
b		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 4
6
4
a		 4
6
4
b		 4
6
4
c		 4
6
4
d		 4
6
4
e		 4
6
4
f
* See Table 4 for earliest confirmed ancestor

 
Table 2. Chandler Haplotypes (additional loci from FTDNA and Sorenson)
Note: DYS461 has been converted to new nomenclature as of 2004 June.
(click on an arrow at the end of a row to see the continuation in Table 3)

Locus:
 
4
6
0
H
4		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b
4
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
6
5
7
0		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b
4
4
2
4
3
8
4
4
1		 *
4
4
4
4
4
5		 *
4
4
6
4
5
2
4
6
1
4
6
2
4
6
3
A
1
0
C
4		 1
B
0
7
ID
Group 1 (? John Chandler of Jefferies Creek, SC, 1739)
21226 11 11 19 20 13 14 16 16 36 41 11 9
21814 11 11 19 20 13 14 16 16 36 40 11 9
30780 11 11 19 20 13 14 16 16 36 40 11 9
43470 11 11 19 20 13 14 16 16 36 41 11 9
Group 2 (Henry Chandler of Johnson Co, KY, 1815-1875)
24531 11 11 19 23 16 14 19 17 36 37 12 12
24813 11 11 19 23 18 14 19 17 36 37 12 12
39519 11 11 19 23 16 14 19 17 36 37 12 12
39520 11 11 19 23 16 14 19 17 36 37 12 12
86464 11 11 19 23 16 14 19 17 36 37 12 12
Group 3
27320 10 10 19 22 14 15 18 17 36 36 11 12
31120 10 10 19 22 14 15 18 16 35 36 11 12
43134 10 10 19 22 14 15 18 17 36 36 11 12
N23381 10 10 19 22 14 15 18 17 36 36 13 12
Group 4 (Thomas Chandler of Amelia Co, VA, d. c1795)
25810 11 11 19 22 16 15 20 17 37 37 12 12
26628 11 11 19 22 16 15 20 17 37 37 12 12
29111 11 11 19 22 16 15 20 17 36 37 12 12
97545 11 11 19 22 16 15 21 18 37 38 12 12
101867 11 11 19 22 16 15 21 18 37 38 12 12
Group 5 (Samuel Chandler of Lynches River, SC, d. 1786)
21174 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 16 36 36 12 13 12 12 13 11 11 13 23 11
110907 11 11 19 23 15 15 19 16 36 37 12 13

Locus:
 
4
6
0
H
4		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b
4
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
6
5
7
0		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b
4
4
2
4
3
8
4
4
1		 *
4
4
4
4
4
5		 *
4
4
6
4
5
2
4
6
1
4
6
2
4
6
3
A
1
0
C
4		 1
B
0
7
ID
Group 7
7A
21364 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
25781 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
26443 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
26949 11 9 19 21 14 14 16 19 33 39 12 10
27183 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 32 38 12 10 13 11 >
27574 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
30466 11 9 19 21 15 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
30734 11 9 19 21 14 14 16 19 33 38 12 10
30744 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
30859 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
31074 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
31157 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
31431 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
32805 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
33491 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
40185 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
40437 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
40471 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
41740 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
43136 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
43379 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
49221 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
57244 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
59466 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
59801 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 39 12 10 13 11 >
61525 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 18 33 38 12 10
67037 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
68643 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
73979 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
74001 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 34 38 12 10
74575 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 18 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
76516 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 39 12 10 13 11 >
78046 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10 13 10 11 13 13 12 12 21
78264 11 9 19 21 14 14 16 19 33 38 12 10
79064 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
79327 11 9 19 21 14 14 14 19 33 38 12 10 12 11 >
83967 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
85402 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
86736 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
88250 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
95931 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
101412 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
105468 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 39 12 10
107463 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
109219 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
119959 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
127913 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 33 38 12 10
133230 11 9 19 21 14 14 15 19 34 38 12 10
133521 11 9 19 21 14 14 16 19 33 38 12 10
a3mn5 11 9 19 21 10 13 13 20
pyrwq 11 9 19 21 14 12 10 13 13 10 11 13 13 12 20 13 21 11
sb8m5 11 9 19 21 10 13 13 20
u9at6 11 9 19 21 10 13 13 20
vfn33 11 9 19 21 10 13 13 20
7B
35934 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 33 37 12 10
43141 11 9 21 21 13 14 17 19 33 38 12 10
55597 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 33 38 12 10
100477 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 33 38 12 10
114019 11 9 19 21 14 14 18 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
N59539 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 34 38 12 10
N64108 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 33 38 12 10 13 11 >
sm32 11 9 19 21 14 12 10 13 13 10 11 13 13 12 20 12 21 11
7C
24262 10 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 33 37 12 10 13 11 >

Locus:
 
4
6
0
H
4		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b
4
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
6
5
7
0		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b
4
4
2
4
3
8
4
4
1		 *
4
4
4
4
4
5		 *
4
4
6
4
5
2
4
6
1
4
6
2
4
6
3
A
1
0
C
4		 1
B
0
7
ID
Group 8 (Robert Chandler, b. c1775 NC/VA, d. c1849 Carroll Co, VA)
24275 11 10 19 23 15 14 20 16 35 39 12 12
26107 11 10 19 23 15 13 20 16 35 39 12 12
58353 11 10 19 23 15 14 20 16 35 40 12 12
102124 11 10 19 23 15 14 20 16 35 39 12 12
110136 11 10 19 23 15 14 19 16 35 39 12 12
Group 9 (William Chandler of Hertfordshire and Roxbury, MA)
11143 11 11 19 19 17 15 18 16 38 40 12 12 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 22 13 23 10 >
29431 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 16 38 40 12 12 12 13 >
30251 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 17 38 41 12 12 13 12 12 13 11 12 11 22 13 23 10
84057 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 17 37 40 12 12
112322 11 19 19 19 16 38 40 12 22
141282 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 17 37 40 12 12
143215 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 17 38 40 12 12
N64980 10 11 19 19 17 15 19 16 38 39 12 12 12 13 >
Group 11 (Thompson Chandler of Monroe Co, (W)VA, 1811-1877)
24372 11 10 19 23 16 14 19 18 37 38 12 12
Group 12 (Edward Chandler/Chantler of Lewes, Sussex, c1790-c1835)
35826 11 11 19 22 15 15 19 17 37 40 12 12
43135 11 11 19 22 15 15 20 17 37 39 12 12
49503 11 11 19 22 15 15 19 18 37 40 12 12
81081 11 11 19 22 15 15 22 17 37 40 12 12

Locus:
 
4
6
0
H
4		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b
4
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
6
5
7
0		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b
4
4
2
4
3
8
4
4
1		 *
4
4
4
4
4
5		 *
4
4
6
4
5
2
4
6
1
4
6
2
4
6
3
A
1
0
C
4		 1
B
0
7
ID
Group 13 (Philip Chandler of Plymouth Co, MA, 1702-1764)
44534 11 11 19 22 16 14 17 19 34 39 12 12
60429 11 11 19 22 16 14 17 17 35 39 12 12
69609 11 11 19 22 16 14 17 17 35 39 12 12
81526 11 11 19 22 16 14 17 17 35 39 12 12
140685 11 11 19 22 16 14 17 17 35 39 12 12
Group 14 (Datus W. Chandler 1890-1968)
57749 11 11 19 23 16 15 20 17 37 39 12 12 12 14 >
62667 11 11 19 23 16 15 20 17 37 39 12 12 12 14 >
68779 11 11 19 23 16 15 20 17 37 39 12 12
Group 15 (James E. Chandler c1814 SC)
43131 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 35 38 12 10
43132 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 19 35 38 12 10
56911 11 9 19 21 14 14 17 20 35 38 12 10 13 11 >
Group 16 (Jacob Chandler of Newberry Co, SC, 1725-1800)
114475 10 10 19 21 16 14 16 19 33 38 11 10
123269 10 10 19 21 16 14 16 19 33 38 11 10
Group 17 (William Chandler, b. 1772, Cambs, ENG)
122893 11 11 19 22 15 15 17 18 35 38 11 12
4eywu 11 11 19 22 15 11 12 13 12 12 13 12 12 11 23 12 23 10
sm11 11 11 19 22 15 12 12 13 12 12 13 12 12 11 23 12 23 10
sm47 11 11 19 22 12 12 12 13 12 11 12 23 10
Group 18
51954 10 10 19 19 17 15 18 19 33 35 12 10
59605 10 10 19 19 17 15 18 19 32 35 12 10
64874 10 10 19 19 18 15 18 19 33 35 12 10
123488 10 10 19 19 17 15 18 19 31 35 12 10
141797 10 10 19 19 17 15 18 19 31 35 12 10
mwbup 10 10 19 19 17 12 10 14 14 10 9 13 12 12 21 13 21 11

Locus:
 
4
6
0
H
4		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b
4
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
6
5
7
0		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b
4
4
2
4
3
8
4
4
1		 *
4
4
4
4
4
5		 *
4
4
6
4
5
2
4
6
1
4
6
2
4
6
3
A
1
0
C
4		 1
B
0
7
ID
Others not in any of the above groups
47909 11 11 19 23 15 15 17 17 38 38 12 12
102441 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 38 38 11 12
25311 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 11 12
39917 11 11 19 23 16 15 19 17 37 37 11 12
55674 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 37 37 11 12
86782 11 11 19 23 16 15 19 17 37 37 11 12
107358 11 10 19 23 16 14 17 17 38 40 13 12
119111 11 10 19 23 16 14 17 17 38 40 13 12
114543 11 12 19 23 16 15 18 17 35 38 12 12
120828 11 12 19 23 16 15 18 17 35 38 12 12
wscux 11 12 19 23 16 12 12 13 12 12 13 11 12 11 22 12 23 10
30621 10 10 19 21 15 14 16 21 36 36 12 10 14 12 >
122923 10 10 19 21 15 14 16 21 37 37 12 10
sm33 11 10 19 23 16 12 12 13 12 13 11 11 13 23 10
sm34 11 10 19 23 16 12 12 13 13 12 13 11 12 11 22 13 23 10
sm48 11 10 19 23 12
107780 11 10 19 22 16 15 17 16 35 39 12 12 12 13 >
8vc3z 11 10 19 22 15 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 11 23 12 23 10
24314 10 11 19 23 15 15 17 18 36 39 12 13
47186 11 10 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 38 12 12
55253 11 10 19 23 16 14 18 17 38 39 13 12
59460 11 13 19 20 14 14 18 17 34 39 14 10
61352 11 11 19 23 15 16 16 18 36 39 12 12
82217 10 11 19 23 16 16 17 16 36 40 12 12
89929 10 10 21 21 14 10 17 18 35 35 12 10
90032 11 9 21 21 13 14 17 19 34 40 12 10
102376 10 11 18 23 15 15 17 18 37 38 12 12
104438 11 11 19 23 16 15 19 17 37 38 12 12
104635 11 10 19 21 14 14 16 22 37 37 11 10
110696 11 10 19 24 17 15 16 18 37 40 12 12
112540 11 11 19 22 15 14 17 18 36 40 12 9
120825 11 9 19 21 15 15 16 18 35 36 11 10
131053 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 17 37 38 12 12
131482 10 9 19 21 16 16 16 18 35 36 12 10
134086 11 11 19 23 16 15 19 17 38 40 12 12
sm49 11 11 19 23 12 12 13 13 13 11 13 11 22 12 24 10
h46mu 12 11 19 22 16 12 12 13 12 12 14 11 13 11 22 13 23 10
5mggf 11 11 19 22 16 12 12 14 12 12 14 11 12 11 22 12 25 10
k4u7z 10 9 19 19 10 14 13 20

Locus:
  		4
6
0
 		 H
4
 		 Y
C
A
II
a		 Y
C
A
II
b		 4
5
6
 		 6
0
7
 		 5
7
6
 		 5
7
0
 		 C
D
Y
a		 C
D
Y
b		 4
4
2
 		 4
3
8
 		 4
4
1
 		 4
4
4
*		 4
4
5
 		 4
4
6
*		 4
5
2
 		 4
6
1
 		 4
6
2
 		 4
6
3
 		 A
1
0
 		 C
4
 		 1
B
0
7
* Also displayed in Table 3

 

 
Table 3. Chandler Haplotypes (more loci from FTDNA)

Locus:
 
5
3
1
5
7
8
3
9
5
a
3
9
5
b
5
9
0
5
3
7
6
4
1
4
7
2
4
0
6
s1
5
1
1
4
2
5
4
1
3
a
4
1
3
b
5
5
7
5
9
4
4
3
6
4
9
0
5
3
4
4
5
0		 *
4
4
4
4
8
1
5
2
0		 *
4
4
6
6
1
7
5
6
8
4
8
7
5
7
2
6
4
0
4
9
2
5
6
5
ID
27183 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
31157 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
59801 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
74575 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
76516 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
79327 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 12 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
95931 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
109219 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
119959 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 23 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
114019 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
N64108 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
24262 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 13 12 11 12 14 11
11143 9 9 15 16 8 9 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 12 12 13 11 12 12 12
29431 9 9 15 16 8 9 10 8 10 10 12 22 23 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 13 12 12 13 11 12 12 12
N64980 9 9 15 16 8 9 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 17 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 12 12 13 11 12 12 12
57749 11 9 15 17 8 10 10 8 11 10 12 23 25 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 21 20 14 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
62667 11 9 15 17 8 10 10 8 11 10 12 23 25 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 21 20 14 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
56911 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 9 9 12 21 22 13 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11
30621 11 8 15 15 8 11 10 8 9 10 12 23 25 15 10 12 12 17 8 14 25 20 12 13 11 12 11 11 12 11
107780 11 9 15 17 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 15 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 12 11 13 11 11 13 11
* Also displayed in Table 2

 

Go to table of contents

Notes and Discussion

Main Lessons

The main lessons so far from this project are four-fold:

  1. the Chandler name does indeed have multiple origins, as expected,
  2. connections can indeed be made across the Atlantic, though it isn't easy,
  3. some long-believed relationships will have to be re-examined in the light of this new research tool, while other, previously unsuspected links will be discovered, and
  4. although some groups of Chandlers can easily be distinguished by testing only 12 markers, others require at least 25.

Group 1

This was the first group to be identified as such within the project, and it includes the second and fourth test subjects to join. One of the surprises in the project is that this group does not match Groups 5 or 6, both of which have been living in the same general area as Group 1 for centuries. It was widely believed that conventional research would eventually find a common ancestor for all three groups, but that prospect seems doubtful now with the DNA evidence in hand. To be more precise, we can now rule out any biological male-line link among these groups though it is still conceivable that a non-biological link (such as adoption) could be found.
With the near-agreement of the results in this group, we can reconstruct the most likely ancestral haplotype for 24 of the first 25 markers and 35 of the first 37, but more tests will be needed to determine the remaining markers.

Group 2

The group numbers were assigned arbitrarily in the summer of 2005, based on sorting the results numerically, starting with DYS393 and continuing with the other markers in FTDNA order. Thus, Group 2 was not the second group identified. Instead, its distinguishing feature is simply that it has low values for DYS390 and a typical value for DYS393.

We can deduce the ancestral haplotype for all 37 markers tested, based on the near-unanimous agreement among the members.

In common with many other Chandlers in the Old South (including Group 1 above), this group was previously thought to descend from John Chandler, the Jamestown immigrant of 1610. However, the DNA testing has now shown clearly that there are several distinct families among these Chandlers. The best evidence at present favors Group 7A as the "Jamestown" group, and therefore the lineages for Group 2 need to be reexamined.

Group 3

The agreement is perfect so far for the first 12 markers among the members of this group, and only two mutations are evident in the next 13 markers. (It's not entirely clear yet which are the mutations and which the ancestral values, but we are assuming the four-to-one majority values are ancestral, pending research on the relationships among the members, or additional test results.) Three more mutations appear in the next 12 markers, but, since only four members have tested up to 37 markers, we have not ventured to deduce the ancestral values for these three additional discrepant markers. We do not yet have the common ancestor identified for this group. The members need to pool their information and come to an agreement.

Group 4

This group has perfect agreement so far on the first 25 markers, and only small discrepancies among the next 12. This is another group formerly thought to have descended from the Jamestown immigrant, largely because the identified common ancestor lived in Virginia, but the DNA results show them to be distinct. The present four members of the group represent two different sons of the common ancestor and four different grandsons.

Group 5

This group includes the first member of the project. Like Group 4, it has perfect agreement on the first 25 markers.

One member has upgraded to 37 markers and has also participated in the SMGF project, thereby almost filling his entry in Table 2. His posted SMGF results include only 29 of the 43-marker panel, but the composite of the FTDNA and SMGF results comprises 45 markers in all. The 21 markers tested by both labs are in perfect agreement. At some point in the future, perhaps the 14 remaining markers will be posted as well (11 overlapping with FTDNA and 3 unique to SMGF).

This group has the special problem of being close to the most common haplotype in Europe. As a result, there are many random matches and near-matches with unrelated people when only 12 markers are compared. Naturally, most of these unrelated matches bear other surnames, but some are in fact Chandlers. In all such cases, it is necessary to test and compare at least 25 markers to be sure that a match is not just a coincidence.

Group 6

This group is just barely distinguishable, having at present only two members, and only 11/12 agreement of their test results. However, they have pinpointed their most recent common ancestor, and the combination of genetic and genealogical information gives added support to the identification.

Group 7

This group includes the third member of the project. It is by far the largest group we have, but that fact does not indicate that "most" Chandlers belong to it. Rather, it means that members of this family have been especially enthusiastic participants in the project.

Group 7 appears to be mostly composed of descendants of the earliest known Chandler immigrant to the New World, John Chandler, who arrived at Jamestown in 1610. For the most part, their most recent common ancestor appears to be Robert Chandler, believed to be a grandson of the immigrant. However, as noted in Table 4, not all members can trace their lines back to Robert, and some have shown that they are not of John's line at all. Consequently, we have subdivided Group 7 into three subgroups with mutually exclusive ancestry in the year 1600, which probably join sometime before that. The vast majority of members belong to subgroup 7A, and we include there the participants whose ancestry is traceable, or even just presumably traceable, to Virginia.

A growing subset of this group can trace ancestry to the Pennsylvania/Delaware Chandler family, or to the immediate English ancestors of the emigrant, and we have set them apart as subgroup 7B, including both the early American branch and other branches that stayed in Wiltshire longer. Their most recent common ancestor is the grandfather of immigrant George Chandler from Wiltshire, described above in the Early Immigrants section.

One member of this subgroup has an extra mutation in the marker that serves to distinguish 7B and 7C from 7A (DYS576). This is unfortunate in the sense that it detracts from the utility of DYS576 as a discriminator, but it is not really surprising, since DYS576 has a higher-than-average mutation rate. Fortunately, the difference between 7A and 7B is two steps on this marker, and so the dividing line is very robust in spite of the high mutation rate.
One member (sample 24262) has been set aside in subgroup 7C all by himself, since he is English and traces his line back to Hampshire. Originally, 24262 believed his line connected with Group 10, which also goes back to Hampshire, but his DNA matches Group 7 instead. It seems likely that Groups 7 and 10 both originated somewhere in that area, and very careful research will be required to trace them back without confusion. This member shares one mutation (or more precisely one discrepancy with the consensus of Group 7A) with all but one member of 7B, and in addition shares a mutation in the 38-67 panel (at DYS413b) with the two members of 7B who have tested to 67 markers. This double distinction indicates that 7B and 7C are more closely connected to each other than either is to 7A, but the separation from 7A need not be very deep -- the common ancestor likely being around the 15th Century.

One additional participant, 100477, has been tentatively assigned to subgroup 7B because he carries the characteristic DYS576=17 that marks both 7B and 7C, and because his ancestors lived in Illinois and Kentucky as early as the 19th century, rather than in England. However, we cannot be sure exactly where he fits until we have his ancestry traced further back.

In any case, this match among the three subgroups of Group 7 provides some important clues to the English origins of immigrant John, by pointing to specific locations in Wiltshire and Hampshire as homes of his genetic relatives. Research is ongoing in that region for early Chandlers. Significantly, subgroups 7B and 7C share a discrepancy from the consensus of Group 7 (at DYS576) that is shared by no other members. These results suggest that these men share a common ancestor (presumably in England) more recent than the overall common ancestor of the entire group. Interestingly, 24262 and 35934 share another unique discrepancy (at CDYb) that is not shared by 43141 or 55597. Also, 24262 and 43141 each have two additional discrepancies all their own, and 55597 and N59539 each have one as well.

Another surprising mismatch concerns this group. Group 11 is believed also to descend from immigrant John Chandler, but the DNA testing has demonstrated they are a separate family from Group 7. Clearly, further research is needed. See below.

Given the large size of this group, it was inevitable that many (small) discrepancies would appear. Nonetheless, we can reconstruct 64 or 65 of the 67 available markers in the ancestral haplotype.

Group 8

Like Group 5, this group is close to the most common haplotype in Europe. In fact, when only 12 markers were available for comparison, it was difficult to distinguish the two groups, since they match 10/12. The extension to 25 markers makes it clear that they are separate. The two original members, who have been traced back to the same ancestor, have now been joined by three more who all match within one step of the consensus of the group as a whole. Two of these additional members have each been traced back to a contemporary the first pairs ancestor. The newest member, however, is English and represents a major breakthrough in the making. Further research is needed to establish the relationship, and this research may take a long time, but the close DNA match despite the transoceanic separation makes it clear that a relationship does exist and gives us a means of resolving the ancestral haplotype for this group, despite the lack of a known common ancestor for all.

For a short time, one additional member, 47909, was considered tentatively to be part of this group. However, the comparison grew dramatically worse as more markers were compared (12/12 for the first panel, but only 10/13 or 9/13 on the second panel and 6/12 on the third). Because of the large number of discrepancies, and especially because two of the discrepancies were by three steps each, it is now clear that 47909 is not part of this group after all. More recently, we have found a different possible match for 47909 (25/25 and 35/37).

Group 9

This group is closest of all to the most common European haplotype, and 12-marker comparisons can be very misleading here. It matches 11/12 with Group 8, but one of its members matches 11/12 with Group 5. Therefore, based on 12 markers, this group would be viewed as a "bridge" connecting the other two groups into one large whole. However, the 25-marker comparisons show that all three groups are distinct.

There are even more striking examples of misleading matches for Group 9. Testee 61352 is 12/12 with this group but differs by 7 steps at 25 markers. These 7 steps can be interpreted either as three 2-step differences and one 1-step or as two 2-step and three 1-step. The interpretation is uncertain because of the complexity of DYS464, where two of the steps are found. Either way, it is clear that 61352 is not closely related to Group 9, despite the 12-marker results. Three other recent participants who have been designated Group 14 are also a 12/12 match with Group 9 and with 61352. However, Group 14 differs from Group 9 by 6 steps at 25 markers and from 61352 by 5 steps. Thus, we have at least three quite distinct Chandler families that agree exactly on the first 12 markers.
Group 9 has been identified as the descendants of William and Annis Chandler of Roxbury, Massachusetts, formerly of Bishops Stortford in Hertfordshire. Four of the members descend from the middle son, John, while one descends from the youngest son, William, and one is tentatively traced to the eldest son, Thomas. Despite the small number of members, we can identify the discrepancies at DYS439, DYS460, and DYS576 in 11143, the one at CDYb in 30251, and the ones at DYS464d and CDYa in 84057 unequivocally as mutations, rather than ancestral values, since the consensus in each case includes descendants of at least two different sons of the common ancestor. Interestingly, the shared mutation at DYS570 in several members appears to be localized to the middle son, John, since John is the most recent common ancestor of these men. Also, the mutation at DYS439 appears to be localized in John's son Joseph by the same line of reasoning.

One member of this group (112322) was recruited as a consistency check. He is the father of 11143 and the two can be presumed to agree exactly, except possibly at one or two of the 76 markers covered in Tables 1-3. Thus, the father was tested only on the first panel and a selection of individual markers where discrepancies are seen in 11143, plus a few additional controls. The father and son do apparently disagree at one marker, DYS576, where the father has the ancestral value (19), and the son is off by one step. If we discount the possibility of a lab error, this is evidence of a specific mutation between a father and son. At the same time, these results confirm that most of the discrepancies seen in 11143 are indeed mutations somewhere along their line, and not lab errors.
Another member of this group (120272) has been assigned only tentatively, since his lineage is still being traced, and the DNA comparison shows two discrepancies in the first 12 markers (though none in the next 13).

Two members of this group have upgraded to 67 markers, and one of those has also taken extra tests at FTDNA and thus completely filled his entries in Tables 1, 2, and 3 (76 markers). Another member has participated in the SMGF project and has combined results for 48 markers. Thus, we have comparisons for all 76 markers between one pair or another within this group.

Group 10

This is the group which was originally expected to include 24262, an English member of Group 7. Though there are only three members of Group 10 and only 12 markers each, the agreement is perfect for two of them, and only one step off for the third. Their lineages are firmly linked, and the most recent common ancestor is also their earliest confirmed ancestor. In any case, these three are genetically very different from all other participants in the project and indeed from anyone else in the public databases. The DNA evidence thus solidly confirms that they are related, even without considering the conventional evidence. Needless to say, it is the conventional evidence that shows exactly how close the relationship is.

Group 11

Although this family was thought to descend from immigrant John Chandler of Jamestown, the first member tested, 24372, was found not to match Group 7. 24372 then recruited two cousins for testing, and the results show near-perfect agreement among all three of them. We have therefore identified this group by the name of their most recent common ancestor. Unfortunately, both Thompson Chandler and his father are believed to have had no brothers, and so the next step of possible DNA testing would involve descendants of William and Delisha Chandler, believed to be the great grandparents of Thompson. One test subject, 25781, is said to be a descendant of William and has been found to belong to Group 7. Of course, we clearly cannot have both 25781 and Group 11 as direct descendants of the same man, and so both lineages must be re-examined. Also, it would be helpful to find and test other reputed descendants to pinpoint the parts of the lineages that need most scrutiny.

Note: in principle, we should keep open the possibility that one or both of the discrepancies between 41505 and the other two in the group represent mutations on their side of the family. However, DYS439=12 is much more common than DYS439=11, and the big jump at DYS464 (18->15) is more easily explained as a duplication of the 15 at DYS464a replacing the original DYS464d. Therefore, we are tentatively labeling both changes as mutations in 41505. If additional members of this line are tested, we may discover otherwise.

Group 12

This group was formed on the basis of a 12/12 match (subsequently upgraded to 25/25 and then to 36/37) and a genealogical link that was known before the DNA testing. The testees joined the project independently, without consultation, and one of the members, 35826, chose only 12 markers while 49503 chose 25. Interestingly enough, within days after the group was formed, another 12/12 match came along who has a large difference at 25 markers and no known connection. This situation appears to be just another example of the danger illustrated already by Groups 5, 8, 9, and 14: Group 8 is only one step away from Group 9 at 12 markers, and Group 14 is an exact match at 12 markers, but both are clearly distinct at 25. Similarly, Group 5 is only one step away from an "atypical" member of Group 9 at 12 markers, but again quite distinct at 25.

All that being said, we still find that a third apparent member of the group has turned up with no foreknowledge of the relationship, and, in this case (43135), the match has held up as 25/25. Indeed, this third member has now been joined by a fourth who matches him 24/25 and has been shown to be related. In principle, we might subdivide the group on the basis of the as-yet-unknown relationship between the first two members and the next two. However, the second two have been traced back to an ancestor living in the same town where the common ancestor of the first two members lived, and it seems likely that the two subgroups will be linked very soon. We are looking for that link. It is worth pointing out that the members of this group live on three different continents (Europe, North America, and Australia), and the one European member lives in southern England, moderately close to the ancestral home.

The four members have all now upgraded to 37 markers, and the results indicate the ancestral haplotype for 36 of the 37. Three of the members have one separate mutation each (of one step) from this ancestral haplotype. The situation for DYS576 is less clear. The original two members have the same value, but the other two differ by differing amounts in the same direction. Thus, the mode and median are different, and we will need more test subjects to learn the ancestral value. Nonetheless, the fact that the two original members agree with each other at DYS576 suggests that the common ancestor of Group 12 as a whole was earlier than the 1742 ancestor of the second pair.

Group 13

This is the second genetic group of Chandlers identified in New England. With only four members tested so far, they have a perfect match on the first 25 markers, and a 35/37 near-match overall. This agreement is sufficiently close to support the lineages back as far as the common ancestor of the first two members, born in 1702. Since they have such an early confirmed ancestor, it seems likely that we can eventually tie this group to one of the early New England immigrants (see the discussion of five candidates in the section on early Chandler immigrants). The lineages of the last two members are still being checked. Further testing will be needed to establish the correct tie (as well as the ancestral values for the two discrepant markers).

Note: since one of the five candidate Chandlers mentioned above has already been assigned (to Group 9), and since three of the others may have been related, and one of those three is not known to have living male-line descendants, the association of the unassigned immigrants with DNA groups may be a complicated affair. Besides the members of groups 9 and 13, we have two additional New England participants, of which one has been traced back before 1700 in the same area as Group 13 (see Table 4).

It is clear that we need more New England Chandlers to join the project to help in sorting out these families.

Group 14

This group began with a test subject who matched 12/12 with Group 9, but subsequent testing at 25 markers revealed a 6-step distance. These two groups, in addition to Groups 5 and 8, are very close to the most common Y DNA pattern in western Europe.

Group 15

It had been expected that the members of this group might match Group 10, but that expectation was not based on any firm evidence. In the end, the testing showed that the members are not connected to Group 10 after all, but are indeed connected to each other. The group has been traced to a common ancestor who was born in South Carolina c1814 and joined the westward migration.

Group 16

This is yet another South Carolina group, but with origins perhaps in Pennsylvania. Based on the location and on the tentative origins, it had been thought that this group might be part of Group 1, or 5, or 7B, but the DNA testing has shown them to be separate. With just two members so far, this group has already been confirmed back to the earliest known ancestor, Jacob Chandler, whose marriage is found in the Friends meeting records of Frederick County, Virginia, and who settled in Newberry County, South Carolina. At present, only 25 markers have been tested for the second member of the group, but 12 more are pending. The first 25 are an exact match, and there is scarcely any doubt that the rest will match closely.

Group 17

This group displays a distinctive haplotype with DYS385a,b=11,11 instead of the 11,14 most commonly seen in western Europe. This is very likely the result of a recombinant mutation that replaced a portion of one of the Y-chromosome palindromes with a copy of the corresponding segment from the other arm. The most recent common ancestor, William Chandler born 1772, is believed to be the grandson of an Anthony Chandler born about 1712 in Hatley St George, Bedfordshire, but no other lines descended from Anthony besides those through William have yet been tested.
122893, 4eywu, and sm11 demonstrate one significant variation in laboratory procedures. Although the marker values are nominally the repeat counts for short repeating sequences of DNA, the testing procedure doesn't involve counting repeats, but rather measuring the total length of a segment of DNA that contains the repeats along with flanking regions, subtracting the nominal length of the non-repeating DNA, and then dividing the residue by the repeat length. Normally, the result of this division is an integer. On the rare occasions when it is not, FTDNA makes a practice of rounding the result to the nearest integer. SMGF and Ancestry.com, on the other hand, report such results in a standardized notation from molecular biology: the next lower integer followed by a decimal point and the excess number of base pairs. Unfortunately, this notational difference means that the rare cases of non-integer results cannot be compared "as is" between labs, and so the one non-integer result reported for each of 4eywu and sm11 (DYS458=16.2) has been rounded in our data table to 16. As such, it "agrees" with the DYS458=16 reported for 122893 by FTDNA, and we must assume that FTDNA rounded the result. No non-integer results were reported by SMGF for any other Chandlers.

Note: there is a popularly held misconception that the "fractional" values form closely related classes (e.g., all of the ".1" values being more closely related to each other than to any of the integer values). This is not always so, even though the mutations that lead to fractional values are extremely rare, because a very large number of possible mutations would lead to the same ".1" result. For example, if the repeat sequence is 4 base pairs long, the insertion of 1, 5, or 9 base pairs, or the deletion of 3, 7, or 11 base pairs anywhere in the measured segment (or any other length differing by a multiple of 4) would result in a notation of ".1". It is only by sequencing the DNA that the nature of the mutation can be determined.

Group 18

This group also has a distinctive haplotype, but it so far lacks a common ancestor. Several members have been traced back to the English county of Hampshire in the 18th century, but others go back to three adjoining counties in the 17th century. Therefore, it is not clear exactly where this group originated, but at least the earliest known ancestors were not scattered from end to end of the four-county region -- they clustered within a radius of 35 miles. Research is ongoing.

Other

This category holds the rest of the participants in the project -- those who are still looking for a match. Many of these have traced their lineages far into the past (see Table 4), but we need the confirmation of at least two matching test subjects before we can define a numbered group like those discussed above. Also, if the DNA results do not match exactly, or not with high enough resolution, we may need linked lineages to confirm the validity of a group.
We have at present eight clusters of matches or near-matches in this category, and each such cluster is potentially a new group, but some research must be done to confirm the connection, or some additional testing must be done to confirm the closeness of the apparent relationship. These clusters are shown at the beginning of the "other" section with a small gap separating each cluster from the next and from the rest of the section. They are: (a) 46918 - 91815, (b) 47909 - 102441, (c) 25311 - 39917 - 55674 - 86782, (d) 107358 - 119111, (e) 114543 - 120828 - 139912 - mscux, (f) 30621 - 122923, (g) sm33 - sm34 - sm48 (this bunch appears to be a father and his two sons and will not be considered a separate group until we find relatives a bit more distant), and (h) 107780 - 8vc3z. Discrepancies within each such cluster are denoted by off-white backgrounds for visibility. The corresponding entries in Table 4 are similarly set off from the rest.

25311, 54480, and 112540 all have an unusual trait -- extra copies of DYS464 (five, six, and five copies, respectively, instead of four). There is no other connection among them, being genetically very different, but this trait could be a useful clue in identifying matches for either of them. Lamentably, this possible clue is pointing away from the only other participant who seems to be linked to 25311 by conventional genealogy.
 
Table 4. Earliest known ancestors not shown in Table 1 group headers
ID Name Birth Death
39520 James L. Chandler 1816, VA c1852, KY
86464 James L. Chandler 1816, VA c1852, KY
31120 Hezekiah Chandler c1757, VA c1838, GA
25693 Daniel D. Chandler 1783, NC/SC 1843, SC
24262 Richard Chandler 1575, Hants 1661
25797 Joseph Chandler c1812, NC c1880
30859 John Chandler 1752, VA 1825, NC
33205 James Chandler c1775, NC/VA 1810, TN
40437 William Chandler c1695, VA 1747, VA
40471 Richard Chandler 1765, VA c1834, TN
44231 David Chandler c1750?, VA
61525 Joseph B. Chandler c1799, SC >1850, KY
88250 William Chandler c1695, VA 1747, VA
95931 Richard Chandler c1740?, VA 1782, VA
100477 Thomas J. Chandler c1821, KY 1897, KY
105468 William H. Chandler c1807, SC <1910, TX
107463 William Chandler 1835, NC 1862, VA
109219 James Silas Jernigan c1850, TN/AL? 1923, AL
a3mn5 Zachariah Chandler 1776, KY? 1837, KY
pyrwq John William Chandler c1806, KY c1880, TX/KY?
sb8m5 Solomon Chandler 1790, VA >1860, LA
u9at6 Rankin chandler c1800, KY c1845, IN
vfn33 Benjamin Chandler 1796, SC >1860, MO
58353 James Chandler c1790, VA 1880, TN
102124 Isaac Chandler c1785, VA >1850
110136 Robert Chawner c1590? 1653, Leics, ENG
43135 William Chandler 1742, Sussex
81081 William Chandler 1742, Sussex
51954 Daniel Chandler 1659, Surrey
59605 Benjamin Chandler 1763, Hants
64874 George Chandler 1680, Sussex c1740?
123488 Thomas Chandler 1779, Headley, Hants
141797 Thomas Chandler c1770, Hants
mwbup Thomas Chandler c1656, Mdx
46918 John Chandler c1821 1892, IN
47909 Richard Chandler 1814, Minchinhampton, Glos 1887
25311 John Chandler c1650, England? 1729, VA
39917 William E. Chandler 1842, OH 1880, IN
55674 John Chandler c1650, England? 1729, VA
114543 William Chandler c1720?, Barbados?
120828 William E. Chandler c1836, Barbados 1900, Australia
wscux William Chandler c1760, Barbados?
30621 John W. Chandler c1810, MA/ME c1890?, ME?
122923 William Chandler c1715, Essex
sm33,sm34,sm48 Thomas Chandler c1685, Surrey, ENG ?
107780 William P. Chandler c1860, GA 1944, NC
24314 James Chandler 1807, SC 1853, AL
32709 Leroy Chandler c1800, Caroline Co, VA ?
38067 Rev. Isaac Chanler c1700 1749, SC
48857 Capt. John Chandler 1696, Plymouth Co, MA 1764, Plymouth Co, MA
55253 William S. Chandler 1834, VA c1881, MO
59460 Robert S. Chandler 1760, CT 1831, PA
61352 Joseph B. Chandler 1899 1984, WA
90032 William L. Chandler c1810, VA 1836, OH
102376 Joseph Chandler 1755, VA 1822, GA
107358 Edmund Chandler c1729, Suffolk 1773, Suffolk
110696 Joseph Chandler c1668, Beds, ENG
112540 John Chandler 1806, Surrey, ENG
120825 William Chandler c1740?, Bucks, ENG
131053 Charles E. Chandler 1876, NY 1960
131482 Hiram Chandler 1809, NY City 1881, NY City
sm49 John Chandley 1822, NC 1913
h46mu John G. Chandler 1849, LA 1902, TX
5mggf Thomas Chandler 1751, VA
k4u7z Claiborne Chandler c1760, VA c1850, KY

 

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Frequently asked questions

Q: Who is eligible for this project?

A: Any male with the Chandler surname or something similar or any male-line descendant of a male Chandler.
 

Q: My grandmother (or other female ancestor) was a Chandler. How can I explore my Chandler roots using DNA?

A: Your grandmother (or whoever) probably had brothers or uncles who were male Chandlers. Find one of those brothers/uncles or a male-line descendant thereof and persuade him to join the project.
 

Q: Why do you carefully speak of male-line descendants instead of just limiting the project to male Chandlers?

A: We recognize that people can be adopted or change their names for other reasons or simply not inherit their biological fathers' surnames in the first place.
 

Q: Why is the project open only to males?

A: Only males have the Y chromosome, which is what we test. The Y is the only chromosome which is inherited essentially as one piece (more or less unchanged) from one identifiable ancestor in each generation. Also, the Y is inherited in the same way as surnames in our society.
 

Q: Is there some kind of genealogical DNA testing for females?

A: Yes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited in the female line in a manner analogous to Y DNA in males. However, mtDNA is not associated with particular surnames (such as Chandler).
 

Q: Can we test an ancestor's hair?

A: Maybe, but it's not easy. A lock of hair snipped off with scissors doesn't include any hair roots and therefore has no nuclear DNA (in particular, no Y DNA). Hairs snagged in a comb or brush might work if they have been kept in a cool, dry place. A tooth might also work. Even an envelope or stamp that was licked by a known ancestor might have traces of DNA. However, extraction from such sources is a very specialized job, and most testing labs don't do that sort of thing.
 

Q: What about exhumation?

A: Don't even think about it. Even if the legal barriers were not so high, the ground is not a good place for preserving DNA. The DNA tends to break down very quickly after embalming and burial.
 

Q: Who does the testing?

A: The testing is managed by Family Tree DNA, and the lab work is done in the molecular biology laboratories of the University of Arizona.
 

Q: How do I arrange a test?

A: You can order a test kit on-line. The kit comes in the mail with complete instructions.
 

Q: Does it hurt?

A: No. The test does not require blood, only a sample of loose cells collected from inside the mouth using a pair of swabs.
 

Q: How much does it cost?
A: There is a range of tests with increasing numbers of markers: 12, 25, 37, and 67. The prices are, respectively, $99, $148, $189, and $269 (plus a shipping/handling charge of $4 in the USA and $6 elsewhere). If you wish to upgrade later to a higher-level test, the additional cost is about the same as, or a little more than, the difference between the package prices.

 

Q: How many markers should I test?

A: We generally recommend the 25-marker test as a starting point. Sometimes, the 12-marker test has been enough to distinguish members of one line from another, but the 12-marker results are often ambiguous. If you aren't sure in advance which is your line, or at least which two or three are the likely choices, you will need at least the 25-marker test to be confident of the results.
 

Q: Is this testing confidential?

A: Yes. The testing company and the project administrators do not reveal your name to anyone without your consent, and even then only to persons whose DNA matches yours. There are additional safeguards built in. The laboratory facilities are at a university in a different state from the testing company. The lab never even has your full name, just the DNA sample and a code number. Conversely, the testing company has your name (or at least the name of whoever gets the test kit in the mail), but does not keep your DNA. Furthermore, no legal authority could compel either the company or the lab to release your DNA or information, since you are not asked for proof of your identity along with your DNA.
 

Q: Is this anything like paternity testing?

A: They both use DNA but are otherwise very different. For one thing, paternity tests must work for both males and females, but our project's testing works only for males. Also, our testing cannot pick out your father from among a collection of your same-surname male relatives.
 

Q: Is this anything like the tests used for identifying criminals?

A: No, those are generally the same as paternity tests.
 

Q: Is this anything like the screening tests used by insurance companies?

A: No. The markers we test do not cause any diseases.
 

Q: What can I learn from this testing?

A: Pure and simple, it will determine (very approximately) how closely you are related to other people who take the test.
 

Q: Doesn't this testing reveal mutations? Aren't mutations bad?

A: The markers we examine have no genetic function, and therefore mutations in them are harmless. In fact, they are essential for genealogical purposes, since they distinguish one family from another.
 

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Last update: 2009 Mar 18 by John Chandler

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